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高考英語語法手記

時間:2022-10-28 15:38:18 考試英語 我要投稿
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高考英語語法手記

  下面是小編搜集整理的高考英語語法手記,一起來看看吧。

高考英語語法手記

  一?季V要求

  考試大綱要求考生能正確判斷句子的類型、分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)、結(jié)合語境和句意選擇適當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞語、判斷主語和從句的正確語序、恰當(dāng)選擇主句和從句謂語動詞的時態(tài)。

  二。命題導(dǎo)向

  高考對簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句的考查主要包括:句子的結(jié)構(gòu)、連詞的選擇、從句與主句的謂語動詞的時態(tài)、主語和從句的語序、一些習(xí)慣用語和特殊的句式應(yīng)用。

  三。復(fù)習(xí)要點

  1.簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句

 、 句子種類兩種分類法

  按照句子的用途,英語的句子可分:陳述句(肯定、否定)、疑問句(一般、特殊、選擇、反意)、祈使句、感嘆句等四種。

  按照句子的結(jié)構(gòu)可分:簡單句并列句和復(fù)合句三種。

  簡單句只有一個主語或并列主語和一個謂語或并列謂語。并列句由并列連詞and, but, or,so等)或分號(;)把兩個或兩個以上的簡單句連在一起構(gòu)成。復(fù)合句:含有一個或一個以上從句的句子。復(fù)合句包含:狀語從句\名詞性從句(主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句)和定語從句等三種。

 、 并列句的分類

  并列句指把兩個同等重要的句子連接在一起,句子之間常用and, not only…but also…, neither…nor…, then等并列連詞連接。

  表示選擇關(guān)系常用的連詞有:or, either…or…, otherwise等

  表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系常用的連詞有:but, still, however, yet, while, when等。

  表示因果關(guān)系常用的連詞有:so, for, therefore等。

  2.狀語從句:

  (1)狀語從句的分類

  狀語從句通常修飾主句的動詞或整個句子,由從屬連詞引導(dǎo),從屬連詞在從句中不充當(dāng)句子成分。根據(jù)狀語從句所表達的不同意義和功能,可分為時間、地點、原因、條件、目的、結(jié)果、讓步、比較、方式等狀語從句。

  (2)連接狀語從句的詞語

  時間狀語從句:when, whenever每當(dāng)……,after, before, as, as soon as, hardly/ scarcely...when..., no sooner...than.。.一……就……,while, till, until, since, once。名詞詞組the first time第一次,last time最后一次,every/each time每次,the next time下次,the next day第二天, the moment, the minute, the second, the instant 一……就……;副詞immediately, instantly, directly等也可作連詞使用。

  原因狀語從句:because, since, as, now that。

  地點狀語從句:where,wherever(無論那里)。

  讓步狀語從句: no matter who/whom/what/which/how/when/where, though, although, as, even if /even though, whatever, whoever, however, wherever, whenever等。

  條件狀語從句: if, unless, as/so long as(如果;只要),in case (萬一); on condition that(如果), suppose, supposing, providing, provide。

  目的狀語從句:in order that (為了),so that (以便)。

  比較狀語從句:(not) as/so…as…,than…, the more…the more…(越……越……) 引導(dǎo)。

  方式狀語從句:as(正如;按照),as if/as though (好像)引導(dǎo)。

  結(jié)果狀語從句: so that (結(jié)果是), so/such…that (如此……以至于)。

  (3)從句中的語序

  復(fù)合句中通常采用陳述語序。但是,在下面的幾種情況下,狀語從句多采用倒裝語序:

  ①當(dāng)連詞as, though連接讓步狀語從句時,作表語的名詞、形容詞、動詞通常置于句首,構(gòu)成部分倒裝語序。例如:

  Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone who’s as capable as John。

  Try as she might, Carol couldn't get the door open。

  Strange though it may seem, I like housework。

 、谠趕o/such...that.。.結(jié)果狀語從句中,so+形容詞/副詞或such+名詞置于句首時,主句采用部分倒裝語序。例如:

  So successful was her business that Marie was able to set up new branches elsewhere.

  Such was the force of the explosion that windows were blown out。

  ③在hardly/scarcely...when..., no sooner...than.。.句式中,把hardly/scarcely/no sooner置于句首時,第一個分句采用部分倒裝語序,即把第二個分句用陳述語序。例如:

  Scarcely had he sat down when there was a knock at the door。

 、 however與形容詞、副詞一起引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句,句子采用陳述語序。例如:

  However amusing the story is, I have to put it away and focus my attention on study this week。

 、 在the +比較級the+比較級句式中,只是把形容詞或副詞置于句首,句子仍然采用陳述語序。例如:Education is about learning and the more you learn, the more equipped for life you are。

  (4)從句和主句中謂語動詞的時態(tài)

  在復(fù)合句中,主句和從句的謂語動詞時態(tài)一般遵循以下的規(guī)律:

 、俦硎“同時”意義的連詞as, when, as soon as, the moment, while 等連接的時間狀語從句,主句和從句時態(tài)基本一致。例如:As time passed, things seemed to get worse。

 、 表示“將來”意義的條件、時間和讓步狀語從句中多用一般現(xiàn)在時,而主句用一般將來時,被稱為“主將從現(xiàn)”。例如:Tom won’t go to sleep unless his mother tells him a story。

  Once I get him a job, he’ll be fine。

  ③ since引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句多用一般過去時,而含有since從句的主句通常用現(xiàn)在完成時。例如:I haven’t met her since I left university。

  ④在句式hardly/scarcely…when…, no sooner…than…中,第一個分句中過去完成時,第二個分句用一般過去時。例如:She had hardly sat down when the phone rang。

 、 在as if/though 引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中,如果表示一種與事實相反夸張,從句多用一般過去時或過去完成時。例如:She stared at me as though I were a complete stranger。

  (5)狀語從句的省略

  當(dāng)從句的主語與主句的主語相同時,被動結(jié)構(gòu)的狀語從句,可省略與主句相同的主語和助動詞,保留連詞+過去分詞;主動結(jié)構(gòu)的狀語從句,可省略與主句相同的主語和助動詞,保留連詞+現(xiàn)在分詞。例如:We all know that, if not carefully dealt with, the situation will get worse。

  Though lacking money, his parents managed to send him to university。

  (6)狀語從句被用于強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)中

  狀語從句作為被強調(diào)部分用于強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)時,一律用It is/was …that…,不能用when代替that。句子用陳述語序。注意:當(dāng)強調(diào)Not until +時間/時間狀語時,主句的謂語動詞不再采用倒裝語序。例如:It was not until the war was over that the soldier was able to return home。

  3.名詞性從句

  (1)名詞性從句分類:

  按照在句中的功能,名詞性從句分為:主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句四種。

  (2) 名詞性從句的連接詞

  名詞性從句的連接詞可分為三類:that無詞義,在從句中不擔(dān)任成分,有時可被省略;表示“是否”用whether,只有在賓語從句中,whether可被人if代替。Whether和if在從句中不擔(dān)任成分。如果從句缺少主語、表語、賓語、或定語等句子成分,用連接代詞what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which;如果從句缺少狀語,用連接副詞when, where, how, why。

  由于連接代詞與連接副詞在句中不再是疑問句,因而從句中謂語不用疑問語序。連接代詞與連接副詞在從句充當(dāng)句子成分,而連接詞whether 和if(是否),在從句中不充當(dāng)句子成分,只起連接作用。

  (3) 名詞性從句中的特殊時態(tài)

 、 在以下三種主語從句中,主語從句的謂語動詞要用“should+動詞原形”, should可省略。

  (1)It is+形容詞+that…句型。常見的形容詞有important, necessary, natural, funny, strange, surprising, astonishing(令人驚訝的)等。

  (2) It is +名詞+that…句型。常見的名詞有pity, shame, advice, suggestion, proposal(提議,建議), requirement, request, desire, order等。

  (3) It is+動詞的過去分詞+ that…句型。常見的動詞有advise, order, propose, request, suggest, demand, require等。

 、谠趇nsist(堅持), urge (催促), order(命令), command(命令), suggest(建議),advise(建議),recommend(建議,推薦), request(請求,要求), demand(要求),require(要求,需要)等動詞后的賓語從句中,謂語動詞用“should+動詞原形”, should可省略。

  ③ 在含有advice, order, demand, proposal(提議), requirement, suggestion等名詞的表語從句、同位語從句中,謂語動詞用“should+動詞原形”,should可省略。

 、茉谝恍┍硎倔@訝、意志等感情色彩的名詞性從句中,謂語動詞用“should+動詞原形”或“should +have done”,譯為“竟然,居然”。例如:

  I am surprised /shocked that you should speak in such a way。

  I find it astonishing that he should be so rude to his mum。

  It is strange /surprising that she should not have been invited。

  I am glad that your story should have won the first prize。

  4. 定語從句

  (1)定語從句的分類

  定語從句分為限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句兩種。限制性定語從句對先行詞起修飾和限制作用,而非限制性定語從句對先行詞起補充和解釋說明作用。通常限制性定語從句與先行詞之間沒有逗號,而非限制性定語從句與先行詞之間有逗號隔開。

  (2)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞

  定語從句一般由關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)。關(guān)系代詞有:who, whom, whose, which, that, as;關(guān)系副詞有:when, where, why。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞必須位于從句之首,主句的先行詞之后,起著連接先行詞和從句的作用,同時在從句中又充當(dāng)句子成分。

  (3)關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的用法:

  ①當(dāng)先行詞為人時用who 作主語,whom作賓語;

  ②當(dāng)先行詞為物或整個句子時用which,可作主語或賓語;

  ③先行詞為人、物時用that ,可作主語或賓語;

  ④ whose用作定語,可指人或物;

  ⑤ 關(guān)系副詞when指時間,在定語從句中作時間狀語;

 、辸here(指地點,在定語從句中作地點狀語);why指原因,在定語從句中作原因狀語。

  (4)限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別

 、傧拗菩远ㄕZ從句:從句與主句關(guān)系密切,去掉從句,主句意義不完整,甚至不合邏輯。例如:I was the only person in our office who was invited。(去掉定語從句,句意就不完整)

 、 非限制性定語從句:從句與先行詞關(guān)系不密切,去掉定從句,意思仍然完整。形式上用逗號隔開,不能that用引導(dǎo)。例如:His movie won several awards at the film festival, which was beyond his wildest dream. (去掉定語從句,主句的意思仍完整)

  (5)使用定語從句時需注意的幾個問題

 、儆胻hat而不用 which的情況:先行詞為不定代詞all, anything, nothing, much…;先行詞有最高級修飾,有序數(shù)詞修飾;先行詞有only, very, any等詞修飾;先行詞既有人又有物時。例如:There is nothing that can prevent him from doing it。

  The first place that they visited in Guilin was Lijing。

  This is the best coffee maker that I have ever been made。

  Mr Smith is the only foreigner teacher that he knows。

  ② 用which而不用 that的情況:引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句;指代整個主句的意思;用于介詞 的后面+ 關(guān)系代詞。例如:Chan’s restaurant on Baker Street, which used to be poorly run, is now a successful business. For many cities in the world, there is no room to spread our further, of which New York is an example。

 、 關(guān)系代詞as的用法

  a. 當(dāng)現(xiàn)行詞為 the same +名詞,such+名詞時,要用關(guān)系代詞as引導(dǎo)定語從句。例如:

  I want to buy the same shirt as yours。

  Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in Germany。

  b. as可指代主句的內(nèi)容,引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句既可放在主句之前,也可放在主句之后。常用于下列句型:as is known to all, as is said, as is reported, as is announced, as we all know, as I expect 等。例如: He got the first place again in this mid-term examination, as we expected。

  c. as 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時與which的區(qū)別

  當(dāng)主句和從句語義一致時,用as引導(dǎo);反之,用which來引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句;當(dāng)非限制定語從句為否定意義時,常用which引導(dǎo)。例如:

  He made a long speech, as we expected。

  He made a long speech, which was unexpected。

  ④關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語時,從句的謂語動詞單數(shù)還是用復(fù)數(shù)應(yīng)由先行詞決定。例如:

  The man who lives downstairs makes it a rule to run in the park in the morning。

 、 引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系副詞有時可以用“介詞 + which”來代替。例如:

  October 1, 1949 was the day on which (= when) the new China was founded。

 、拊”介詞+關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中,關(guān)系代詞只能用which和whom,且不能省略;如果介詞在句末,關(guān)系代詞可用which, that, whom, 口語中也可用who,且可省略。例如:

  The man (whom/ who/ that) you were talking about is proves to be friendly。

  四。注意事項

  1.狀語從句與其它相似結(jié)構(gòu)的辨析

 、 It is/was+被強調(diào)的時間狀語+ that+其它句子成分,其特點是去掉It is/was和that原句仍然成立。例如:It was at midnight that we got home。

  ② It is/was+時間+when/before+從句 表示“當(dāng)……發(fā)生時,時間是……”。例如:

  It was late evening when the doctor arrived。

  ③ It will be/was+時間段+before+句子,表示“要過……才會發(fā)生某事”或“過了……發(fā)生了某事”。例如:It will be years before we find a cure for cancer。

 、 It is/has been + since +句子, 表示“自從……以來,時間過了……”。例如:

  It’s three years since I last saw her。

  2. 分隔定語從句

  有時,定語從句不緊跟先行詞之后,中間被一個插入語、狀語、定語或謂語隔開。例如:

  There is an expression in his eyes that I can’t understand。

  For these football fans, it was an exciting moment this year, when for the first time in years their team won the world cup。

  Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house to borrow a necklace?

  The film brought the hours back to me when I was taken good care of in that faraway village。

  Let’s go into the restaurant across the street where you can sit down。

  3.定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)別

  在定語從句中,關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞作某種句子成分,定語從句對先行詞起修飾和限制作用,而在同位語從句中,從對前面的抽象名詞起補充和解釋作用,連接詞不在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分。例如:

  We heard the news that our school team had won the game. (同位語從句, that在從句中不作句子成分)

  The news that he told me yesterday proves true. (定語從句, that 在從句中作told的賓語)

  The possibilities that she was offered seemed very great. (定語從句, that 在從句中作offered的賓語)

  She is worried about the possibility that she might lose her job。( 同位語從句, that在從句中不作句子成分)

  4. 定語從句與名詞性從句的辨析

 、倥c主語從句的辨析

  As is known to all, the natural resources are reducing day by day. (非限制性定語從句)

  It is known to all that the natural resources are reducing day by day. (主語從句)

  What is known to all is that the natural resources are reducing day by day. (主語從句)

  五。精典名題導(dǎo)解

  1.(2008山東) He found it increasingly difficult to read, ______ his eyesight was beginning to fail。

  A. though B. for C. but D. so

  考點解析:前句表示一個結(jié)果,而后句表示原因,因此應(yīng)填for。連詞for連接的并列句總是放在后面。最佳答案為B。

  2. (2008全國II)Stand over there, ______ you’ll be able to see the oil painting better。

  A. but B. till C. and D. or

  考點解析:句首的祈使句和第二個分句的時態(tài)暗示空白處應(yīng)填and, 構(gòu)成“祈使句+and+并列句”結(jié)構(gòu)。并列句表示條件,而and后的并列句表示結(jié)果。最佳答案為C。

  3.(2008湖南) _____ the Internet is of great help. I don’t think it’s a good idea to spend too much time on it。

  A. If B. While C. Because D. As

  考點解析:句意為:“雖然因特網(wǎng)非常有用,但是我認(rèn)為上網(wǎng)花費時間太多不是好事”。連詞While表示“雖然,盡管”,連接讓步狀語從句,最佳答案為B。

  4. (2008山東)You’d better not leave the medicine ______ kids can get at it. (2008山東)

  A. even if B. which C. where D. so that

  考點解析:句意為:“你最好不要把藥品放在孩子們能拿到的地方”,空白處之前為主句,之后為狀語從句,表示地點,因此應(yīng)選連接詞where,最佳答案為C。

  5. (2008全國I卷) The lawyer rarely wears anything other than jeans and a T-shirt ______ the season。

  A. whatever B. wherever C. whenever D. however

  考點解析:句中含有讓步狀語從句whatever the season is,其中is被省略。句意為:“無論是什么季節(jié),那個律師總是穿著牛仔褲和短袖汗衫”。最佳答案為A。

  6.(2008湖南) When asked _____ they needed most, the kids said they wanted to feel important and loved.

  A. what B. why C. whom D. which

  考點解析:asked之后跟一個賓語從句,從句中的needed缺少賓語,因此空白處應(yīng)填what, 最佳答案為A。

  7.(2008天津) The last time we had great fun was _____ we were visiting the Water Park。

  A. where B. how C. when D. why

  解析:從空白處到句末為表語從句,從句中主語、謂語、賓語齊全,但缺狀語。結(jié)合句意“上次我們開心是當(dāng)我們?nèi)ニ蠘穲@的時候”,因此選when, 最佳答案為C。

  8. (2008上海) It has been proved __ _ eating vegetables in childhood helps to protect you against serious illnesses in later life。

  A. if B. because C. when D. that

  考點解析:it為形式主語,代替的是主語從句,因從句中句子成分完整,句子意義明確,因此應(yīng)用that連接,最佳答案為D。

  9. (2008上海) We went through a period _____ communications were very difficult in the rural areas。

  A. which B. whose C. in which D. with which

  考點解析:句意為:“我們經(jīng)歷了一段時期,那時在農(nóng)村通訊非常困難”?瞻缀鬄槎ㄕZ從句,句中為主系表結(jié)構(gòu),因此先行詞a period只能作狀語,表示時間,因此應(yīng)選介詞+關(guān)系代詞in which,相當(dāng)于when, 最佳答案為C。

  10. (2008江蘇) The Science Museum, ______ we visited during a recent trip to Britain, is one of London’s tourist attractions。

  A. which B. what C. that D. where

  考點解析:先行詞The Science Museum在非限制性定語從句中作visited的賓語,因此只能用關(guān)系代詞which,最佳答案為A。

  11.(2008江西) Later in this chapter cases will be introduced to readers ______ consumer complaints have resulted in changes in the law.

  A. where B. when C. who D. which

  考點解析:作主語的先行詞cases被謂語部分will be introduced to readers與定語從句分隔,在定語從句consumer complaints have resulted in changes in the law中,主謂賓齊全,先行詞只能作狀語,表示“在……情況下”,應(yīng)用關(guān)系副詞where,最佳答案為A。

  12. (2008陜西)The man pulled out a gold watch, _________ were made of small diamonds。

  A. the hands of whom B. whom the hands of

  C. which the hands of D. the hands of which

  考點解析:分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,先行詞為a gold watch,而從句的主語the hands與先行詞之間為所有關(guān)系,因此應(yīng)用the hands of which引導(dǎo)定語從句,相當(dāng)于whose hands。

  13. (2008福建)_____ is known to us all is that the 2008 Olympic Games will take place in Beijing。

  A. It B. What C. As D. Which

  考點解析: 分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,is前面是主語從句,后面是表語從句。在主語從句缺少主語,因此應(yīng)填連接代詞What,最佳答案為B。

  14.(2008山東) Occasions are quite rare ______ I have the time to spend a day with my kids。

  A. who B. which C. why D. when

  考點解析: 先行詞Occasions被謂語部分are quite rare與定語從句分隔,從句中主謂賓齊全,先行詞只能在從句中作狀語,表示時間,因此空白處填關(guān)系副詞when, 最佳答案為D。

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