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2017年考研英語(二)真題及答案解析
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
People have speculated for centuries about a future without work .Today is no different, with academics, writers, and activists once again _1_ that technology be replacing human workers. Some imagine that the coming work-free world will be defined by _2_ . A few wealthy people will own all the capital, and the masses will struggle in an impoverished wasteland.
A different and not mutually exclusive _3_ holds that the future will be a wasteland of a different sort, one _4 _by purposelessness: Without jobs to give their lives _5_ , people will simply become lazy and depressed. _6_ , today's unemployed don't seem to be having a great time. One Gallup poll found that 20 percent of Americans who have been unemployed for at least a year report having depression, double the rate for _7_ Americans. Also, some research suggests that the _8_ for rising rates of mortality, mental-health problems, and addicting _9_ poorly-educated middle-aged people is shortage of well-paid jobs. Perhaps this is why many __10_ the agonizing dullness of a jobless future.
But it doesn't __11__ follow from findings like these that a world without work would be filled with unease. Such visions are based on the __12__ of being unemployed in a society built on the concept of employment. In the __13__ of work, a society designed with other ends in mind could __14__ strikingly different circumstanced for the future of labor and leisure. Today, the __15__ of work may be a bit overblown. "Many jobs are boring, degrading, unhealthy, and a waste of human potential," says John Danaher, a lecturer at the National University of Ireland in Galway.
These days, because leisure time is relatively __16__ for most workers, people use their free time to counterbalance the intellectual and emotional __17__ of their jobs. "When I come home from a hard day's work, I often feel __18__ ," Danaher says, adding, "In a world in which I don't have to work, I might feel rather different"—perhaps different enough to throw himself __19__ a hobby or a passion project with the intensity usually reserved for __20__ matters.
1.[A] boasting [B] denying [C] warning [D] ensuring
動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。作家學(xué)者警示人們技術(shù)會(huì)代替人類勞動(dòng)。boast吹噓、自負(fù)。deny否認(rèn)。ensure確保。Warning警示，警告。因此答案為C選項(xiàng)。
2.[A] inequality [B] instability [C] unreliability [D] uncertainty
上下文理解。根據(jù)后文富人會(huì)擁有所有資產(chǎn)，貧困地區(qū)也會(huì)扎堆，可以看出此處想表達(dá)不平等的意思。Inequality不平等，instability不穩(wěn)定性，unreliability不可靠性，uncertainty不確定性。因此答案為A選項(xiàng)。
3.[A] policy [B]guideline [C] resolution [D] prediction
詞義辨析。policy政策，guideline指導(dǎo)方針，resolution決心，prediction預(yù)測(cè)。該句意為另外一種預(yù)測(cè)認(rèn)為…。因此答案為D選項(xiàng)。
4.[A] characterized [B]divided [C] balanced [D]measured
動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。該句意為未來社會(huì)的特點(diǎn)是無目的性。因此答案為A選項(xiàng)
5.[A] wisdom [B] meaning [C] glory [D] freedom
詞義辨析，上下文理解。沒有了工作富裕生活的意義，人們會(huì)變得懶散沮喪。其他幾項(xiàng)不符合題意。因此答案為B選項(xiàng)。
6.[A] Instead [B] Indeed [C] Thus [D] Nevertheless
考查副詞。Indeed實(shí)際上，那些失業(yè)者生活并不美好。因此答案為B選項(xiàng)。
7.[A] rich [B] urban [C]working [D] educated
上下文理解。前面提到失業(yè)的美國人在和工作的美國人做對(duì)比。因此答案為C選項(xiàng)。
8.[A] explanation [B] requirement [C] compensation [D] substitute
詞義辨析。死亡率升高，心理健康問題等是因?yàn)闆]有工資待遇較好的工作，這就解釋了原因問題。Explanation符合題意，因此答案為A選項(xiàng)。
9.[A] under [B] beyond [C] alongside [D] among
介詞辨析。沒有受到良好教育的中年人中間這些問題比較嚴(yán)重。因此答案為D選項(xiàng)。
10.[A] leave behind [B] make up [C] worry about [D] set aside
固定搭配意思辨析。Worry about擔(dān)心，leave behind丟棄，使落后make up 組成，set aside 留出，把…放在一旁。該句意為這就是為什么人們擔(dān)心未來無工作的無聊。因此答案為C選項(xiàng)。
11.[A] statistically [B] occasionally [C] necessarily [D] economically
副詞詞義辨析。Necessarily必然地，statistically統(tǒng)計(jì)地，occasionally偶然地，economically經(jīng)濟(jì)上地。該句想表達(dá)并不必然的意思。因此答案為C選項(xiàng)。
12.[A] chances [B] downsides [C] benefits [D] principles
理解上下文。前面說沒有工作會(huì)導(dǎo)致不安，這些觀念是來源于在職業(yè)概念的社會(huì)中失業(yè)的消極面。
13.[A] absence [B] height [C] face [D] course
固定搭配。In absence of 缺乏，in height of 在…高度，in face of 面臨，in course of 在…中。該句意為如果沒有工作，也就是in absence of job.因此答案為A選項(xiàng)。
14.[A] disturb [B] restore [C] exclude [D] yield
動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。沒有工作的社會(huì)能為人們帶來放松。Yield 有獲得，帶來的意思，disturb打擾，妨礙，restore恢復(fù)，交還，exclude排斥。因此答案為D選項(xiàng)。
15.[A] model [B] practice [C] virtue [D] hardship
詞義辨析。根據(jù)后面工作的缺點(diǎn)可以推測(cè)此處想表達(dá)工作的優(yōu)點(diǎn)被過分夸大了。Virtue優(yōu)點(diǎn)，好處。因此答案為C選項(xiàng)。
16.[A] tricky [B] lengthy [C] mysterious [D] scarce
詞義辨析和上下文理解。休閑時(shí)間對(duì)工作人來說相對(duì)較少。因此答案為D選項(xiàng)。
17.[A] demands [B] standards [C] qualities [D] threats
詞義辨析。閑暇時(shí)間來平衡人們的智力和情感需求。因此答案為A選項(xiàng)。
18.[A] ignored [B] tired [C] confused [D] starved
詞義理解。下班回到家感覺到疲憊。Starved饑餓的。因此答案為B選項(xiàng)。
19.[A] off [B] against [C] behind [D] into
固定搭配和介詞使用。Throw into投身于， throw off擺脫，throw against扔掉，throw behind拋開。投身到自己的愛好之中。因此答案為D選項(xiàng)。
20.[A] technological [B] professional [C] educational [D] interpersonal
詞義辨析。一些需要專業(yè)技能的項(xiàng)目。因此答案為B選項(xiàng)。
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
Text 1
Every Saturday morning, at 9 am, more than 50,000 runners set off to run 5km around their local park. The Parkrun phenomenon began with a dozen friends and has inspired 400 events in the UK and more abroad. Events are free, staffed by thousands of volunteers. Runners range from four years old to grandparents; their times range from Andrew Baddeley's world record 13 minutes 48 seconds up to an hour.
Parkrun is succeeding where London's Olympic "legacy" is failing. Ten years ago on Monday, it was announced that the Games of the 30th Olympiad would be in London. Planning documents pledged that the great legacy of the Games would be to level a nation of sport lovers away from their couches. The population would be fitter, healthier and produce more winners. It has not happened. The number of adults doing weekly sport did rise, by nearly 2 million in the run—up to 2012—but the general population was growing faster. Worse, the numbers are now falling at an accelerating rate. The opposition claims primary school pupils doing at least two hours of sport a week have nearly halved. Obesity has risen among adults and children. Official retrospections continue as to why London 2012 failed to "inspire a generation." The success of Parkrun offers answers.
Parkun is not a race but a time trial: Your only competitor is the clock. The ethos welcomes anybody. There is as much joy over a puffed-out first-timer being clapped over the line as there is about top talent shining. The Olympic bidders, by contrast, wanted to get more people doing sports and to produce more elite athletes. The dual aim was mixed up: The stress on success over taking part was intimidating for newcomers.
Indeed, there is something a little absurd in the state getting involved in the planning of such a fundamentally "grassroots", concept as community sports associations. If there is a role for government, it should really be getting involved in providing common goods—making sure there is space for playing fields and the money to pave tennis and netball courts, and encouraging the provision of all these activities in schools. But successive governments have presided over selling green spaces, squeezing money from local authorities and declining attention on sport in education. Instead of wordy, worthy strategies, future governments need to do more to provide the conditions for sport to thrive. Or at least not make them worse.
21. According to Paragraph1, Parkrun has ____.
[A] gained great popularity
[B] created many jobs
[C] strengthened community ties
[D] become an official festival
解析： [A] gained great popularity.意思是很受歡迎。通過題干可以定位在第一段，可以通過，每天超過五萬人跑步、引發(fā)了400場(chǎng)運(yùn)動(dòng)在英國和在國外等信息得知，公園跑很受歡迎。
22. The author believes that London's Olympic"legacy" has failed to ____.
[A] boost population growth
[B] promote sport participation
[C] improve the city's image
[D] increase sport hours in schools
解析：[B] promote sport participation表示提升運(yùn)動(dòng)參與度。通過題干倫敦和奧林匹克遺產(chǎn)可以定位到第二段，題目問的是倫敦奧運(yùn)會(huì)的遺產(chǎn)沒有做成什么事，題干中的failed to可以對(duì)應(yīng)第二段即使看到了failing，但并沒有答案。再往下看，倫敦奧運(yùn)會(huì)承諾，人口將會(huì)更健康、更多冠軍，但這并沒有發(fā)生，not happed才真正對(duì)應(yīng)failed to.
23. Parkrun is different from Olympic games in that it ___.
[A] aims at discovering talents
[B] focuses on mass competition
[C] does not emphasize elitism
[D] does not attract first-timers
解析：[C] does not emphasize elitism，公園跑步和奧運(yùn)會(huì)不同在于，它并不強(qiáng)調(diào)精英主義。這道題定位在第三段的中間，奧林匹克的倡導(dǎo)者相反，想要更多的參與運(yùn)動(dòng)創(chuàng)造更多的精英。
24. With regard to mass sport, the author holds that governments should .
[A] organize "grassroots" sports events
[B] supervise local sports associations
[C] increase funds for sports clubs
[D] invest in public sports facilities
解析：[D] invest in public sports facilities，提到大眾體育，作者認(rèn)為政府應(yīng)該投資公共的體育設(shè)施。政府在第四段的中間，講到政府應(yīng)該訓(xùn)練的空間、用錢去鋪設(shè)網(wǎng)球場(chǎng)。這里是答案的同意轉(zhuǎn)換。
25. The author's attitude to what UK governments have done for sports is .
[A] tolerant
[B] critical
[C] uncertain
[D] sympathetic
解析：[B] critical作者對(duì)英國政府對(duì)體育的態(tài)度是批判的。最后一段but轉(zhuǎn)折后說，繼任的政府賣綠地、減少本地政府的預(yù)算同時(shí)減少在體育方面的關(guān)注度，所以持批判態(tài)度。
Text 2
With so much focus on children's use of screens, it's easy for parents to forget about their own screen use. "Tech is designed to really suck on you in," says Jenny Radesky in her study of digital play, "and digital products are there to promote maximal engagement. It makes it hard to disengage, and leads to a lot of bleed-over into the family routine. "
Radesky has studied the use of mobile phones and tablets at mealtimes by giving mother-child pairs a food-testing exercise. She found that mothers who sued devices during the exercise started 20 percent fewer verbal and 39 percent fewer nonverbal interactions with their children. During a separate observation, she saw that phones became a source of tension in the family. Parents would be looking at their emails while the children would be making excited bids for their attention.
Infants are wired to look at parents' faces to try to understand their world, and if those faces are blank and unresponsive—as they often are when absorbed in a device—it can be extremely disconcerting foe the children. Radesky cites the "still face experiment" devised by developmental psychologist Ed Tronick in the 1970s. In it, a mother is asked to interact with her child in a normal way before putting on a blank expression and not giving them any visual social feedback; The child becomes increasingly distressed as she tries to capture her mother's attention. "Parents don't have to be exquisitely parents at all times, but there needs to be a balance and parents need to be responsive and sensitive to a child's verbal or nonverbal expressions of an emotional need," says Radesky.
On the other hand, Tronick himself is concerned that the worries about kids' use of screens are born out of an "oppressive ideology that demands that parents should always be interacting" with their children: "It's based on a somewhat fantasized, very white, very upper-middle-class ideology that says if you're failing to expose your child to 30,000 words you are neglecting them." Tronick believes that just because a child isn't learning from the screen doesn't mean there's no value to it—particularly if it gives parents time to have a shower, do housework or simply have a break from their child. Parents, he says, can get a lot out of using their devices to speak to a friend or get some work out of the way. This can make them feel happier, which lets then be more available to their child the rest of the time.
26. According to Jenny Radesky, digital products are designed to ______.
[A] simplify routine matters
[B] absorb user attention
[C] better interpersonal relations
[D] increase work efficiency
解析：[B] absorb user attention。根據(jù)JR，數(shù)碼產(chǎn)品被設(shè)計(jì)為了吸引用戶的注意。根據(jù)JR定位在第一段，他說了一句話：科技被設(shè)計(jì)去suck on you in. suck和absorb是同意轉(zhuǎn)換詞。
27. Radesky's food-testing exercise shows that mothers' use of devices ______.
[A] takes away babies' appetite
[B] distracts children's attention
[C] slows down babies' verbal development
[D] reduces mother-child communication
解析：[D] reduces mother-child communication.R的食品測(cè)試展示了媽媽使用設(shè)備會(huì)降低媽媽和孩子間的交流。是原文第二段fewerverbal and 39% fewer nonverbal interaction的同意轉(zhuǎn)換。
28. Radesky's cites the "still face experiment" to show that _______.
[A] it is easy for children to get used to blank expressions
[B] verbal expressions are unnecessary for emotional exchange
[C] children are insensitive to changes in their parents' mood
[D] parents need to respond to children's emotional needs
解析：[D] parents need to respond to children’s emotional needs。R引用這句話的意思是父母需要對(duì)兒童的情感需求做出反應(yīng)。是因?yàn)榈谌蔚谝痪湔f嬰兒看到父母的臉去理解這個(gè)世界，如果父母沒有表情或回應(yīng)會(huì)對(duì)孩子產(chǎn)生不好的影響。那么這里就需要父母對(duì)兒童的情感需求做出回應(yīng)。
29. The oppressive ideology mentioned by Tronick requires parents to_______.
[A] protect kids from exposure to wild fantasies
[B] teach their kids at least 30,000 words a year
[C] ensure constant interaction with their children
[D] remain concerned about kid's use of screens
解析：[C] ensure constant interaction with their children。被T所提到的壓抑的理論需要父母去確保一直和他們的孩子繼續(xù)溝通。通過oppressive ideology可以定位在第四段的第二句，這里提到這種壓抑的理論要求父母應(yīng)該一直和孩子保持溝通和交流。這里always和選項(xiàng)中的constant是同義轉(zhuǎn)換。
30. According to Tronick, kid's use of screens may_______.
[A] give their parents some free time
[B] make their parents more creative
[C] help them with their homework
[D] help them become more attentive
解析：[A] give their parents some free time。根據(jù)T,孩子使用喊叫可能是他們父母一些自由的時(shí)間。通過Tronick和screen我們可以定位在第四段的中后部分，T認(rèn)為，因?yàn)楹⒆硬⒉皇菑募饨兄袑W(xué)會(huì)什么，也就意味著孩子尖叫并不意味著要吸引別人的重視，相反是尖叫孩子讓父母去洗澡、做家務(wù)或就是別打擾孩子。這幾句話對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng)里的free time，所以做題千萬別靠自己的臆測(cè)而一定要根據(jù)原文。
Text 3
Today, widespread social pressure to immediately go to college in conjunction with increasingly high expectations in a fast-moving world often causes students to completely overlook the possibility of taking a gap year. After all, if everyone you know is going to college in the fall, it seems silly to stay back a year, doesn't it? And after going to school for 12 years, it doesn't feel natural to spend a year doing something that isn't academic.
But while this may be true, it's not a good enough reason to condemn gap years. There's always a constant fear of falling behind everyone else on the socially perpetuated "race to the finish line," whether that be toward graduate school, medical school or lucrative career. But despite common misconceptions, a gap year does not hinder the success of academic pursuits—in fact, it probably enhances it.
Studies from the United States and Australia show that students who take a gap year are generally better prepared for and perform better in college than those who do not. Rather than pulling students back, a gap year pushes them ahead by preparing them for independence, new responsibilities and environmental changes—all things that first-year students often struggle with the most. Gap year experiences can lessen the blow when it comes to adjusting to college and being thrown into a brand new environment, making it easier to focus on academics and activities rather than acclimation blunders.
If you're not convinced of the inherent value in taking a year off to explore interests, then consider its financial impact on future academic choices. According to the National Center for Education Statistics, nearly 80 percent of college students end up changing their majors at least once. This isn't surprising, considering the basic mandatory high school curriculum leaves students with a poor understanding of themselves listing one major on their college applications, but switching to another after taking college classes. It's not necessarily a bad thing, but depending on the school, it can be costly to make up credits after switching too late in the game. At Boston College, for example, you would have to complete an extra year were you to switch to the nursing school from another department. Taking a gap year to figure things out initially can help prevent stress and save money later on.
31. One of the reasons for high-school graduates not taking a gap year is that .
[A] they think it academically misleading
[B] they have a lot of fun to expect in college
[C] it feels strange to do differently from others
[D] it seems worthless to take off-campus courses
解析：[C] it feels strange to do differently from others。高中畢業(yè)生不進(jìn)行間隔年起其中的一個(gè)原因是，這會(huì)讓他們感覺和其他人不一樣。這里找不到明顯的定位詞，但是high school graduates我們還是可以看到第一段的college,而文章的stay back a year也就是題目里的gap year，那么文章里的silly，對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng)宗的strange,之所以不間隔年會(huì)讓人覺得很蠢很奇怪。
32. Studies from the US and Australia imply that taking a gap year helps .
[A] keep students from being unrealistic
[B] lower risks in choosing careers
[C] ease freshmen's financial burdens
[D] relieve freshmen of pressures
解析：[D] relieve freshmen of pressures。來自于美國和澳大利亞的研究表明了進(jìn)行間隔年會(huì)讓新生減少壓力。通過美國和澳大利亞，我們可以定位到第二段第一句：從美國和澳大利亞的研究表明，那些進(jìn)行間隔年的學(xué)生通常能更好地準(zhǔn)備和表現(xiàn)得更好比那些沒有的同學(xué)。ABCD四個(gè)選項(xiàng)只有D選項(xiàng)最相關(guān)。
33. The word "acclimation" (Line 8, Para. 3) is closest in meaning to .
[A] adaptation
[B] application
[C] motivation
[D] competition
解析：[A] adaptation。這個(gè)單詞的意思是順應(yīng)。這個(gè)單詞定位在第三段，看單詞所在的那一句話：間隔年可以緩解沖擊，當(dāng)涉及調(diào)整適應(yīng)大學(xué)和被丟到一個(gè)新的環(huán)境中，讓人更容易聚焦在學(xué)術(shù)和活動(dòng)的領(lǐng)域，而非_____錯(cuò)誤。前面都在說間隔年的好處，拿意味著后面也應(yīng)該說間隔年的好處，把四個(gè)詞都代入其中：順應(yīng)錯(cuò)誤、申請(qǐng)錯(cuò)誤、激勵(lì)錯(cuò)誤和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)錯(cuò)誤，而非順應(yīng)錯(cuò)誤是最符合原文題意的。
34. A gap year may save money for students by helping them .
[A] avoid academic failures
[B] establish long-term goals
[C] switch to another college
[D] decide on the right major
解析：[D] decide on the right major。間隔年可能可以通過幫助他們決定選擇正確的專業(yè)而省錢。
通過出題順序和行文順序一致的原則，我們往下看，原文中的financial和題干中money是同義詞。文章說：如果你并沒有找到你內(nèi)在的興趣，用一年的時(shí)間去探索你的興趣，這會(huì)對(duì)你今后學(xué)術(shù)的選擇產(chǎn)生經(jīng)濟(jì)上的影響。經(jīng)濟(jì)上的影響就是題干中的省錢，那么探索你的興趣就是幫組他們選擇一個(gè)正確的專業(yè)。這里要看懂才能作對(duì)題。
35. The most suitable title for this text would be .
[A] In Favor of the Gap Year
[B] The ABCs of the Gap Year
[C] The Gap Year Comes Back
[D] The Gap Year: A Dilemma
解析：[A] In Favor of the Gap Year。文章最好的標(biāo)題是倡導(dǎo)間隔年。這種標(biāo)題題就是看每段的首句：第一段說今天社會(huì)壓力很大，畢業(yè)生都忽略間隔年了。第二段說：沒有足夠的理由去批評(píng)間隔年，話鋒一轉(zhuǎn)。第三段說美國和澳洲的研究說間隔年能讓學(xué)生更好地準(zhǔn)備和更好地表現(xiàn)。第四段說，如果你沒找到自己內(nèi)在的興趣，用一年的時(shí)間去探索，對(duì)你未來的學(xué)術(shù)選擇會(huì)有經(jīng)濟(jì)方面的影響。所以作者是倡導(dǎo)間隔年的，選A。
Text 4
Though often viewed as a problem for western states, the growing frequency of wildfires is a national concern because of its impact on federal tax dollars, says Professor Max Moritz, a specialist in fire ecology and management.
In 2015, the US Forest Service for the first time spent more than half of its $5.5 billion annual budget fighting fires—nearly double the percentage it spent on such efforts 20 years ago. In effect, fewer federal funds today are going towards the agency’s other work—such as forest conservation, watershed and cultural resources management, and infrastructure upkeep—that affect the lives of all Americans.
Another nationwide concern is whether public funds from other agencies are going into construction in fire-prone districts. As Moritz puts it, how often are federal dollars building homes that are likely to be lost to a wildfire?
“It’s already a huge problem from a public expenditure perspective for the whole country,” he says.” We need to take a magnifying glass to that. Like, “Wait a minute, is this OK?” “Do we want instead to redirect those funds to concentrate on lower-hazard parts of the landscape?”
Such a view would require a corresponding shift in the way US society today views fire, researchers say.
For one thing, conversations about wildfires need to be more inclusive. Over the past decade, the focus has been on climate change—how the warming of the Earth from greenhouse gases is leading to conditions that worsen fires.
While climate is a key element, Moritz says, it shouldn’t come at the expense of the rest of the equation.
“The human systems and the landscapes we live on are linked, and the interactions go both ways,” he says. Failing to recognize that, he notes, leads to “an overly simplified view of what the solutions might be. Our perception of the problem and of what the solution is becomes very limited.”
At the same time, people continue to treat fire as an event that needs to be wholly controlled and unleashed only out of necessity, says Professor Balch at the University of Colorado. But acknowledging fire’s inevitable presence in human life is an attitude crucial to developing the laws, policies, and practices that make it as safe as possible, she says.
“We’ve disconnected ourselves from living with fire,” Balch says. “It is really important to understand and try and tease out what is the human connection with fire today.”
36. More frequent wildfires have become a national concern because in 2015 they .
[A] exhausted unprecedented management efforts
[B] consumed a record-high percentage of budget
[C] severely damaged the ecology of western states
[D] caused a huge rise of infrastructure expenditure
解析：[B] consumed a record-high percentage of budget。更多常見的野外火災(zāi)成為了國際關(guān)心的主題在2015年是因?yàn)樗ㄙM(fèi)了大量的預(yù)算。根據(jù)2015和national concern 可以定位在第一段和第二段，其中第一段重合的關(guān)鍵詞更多，nationalconcern . wildfire和because，第二段只是更具體說明，所以真正的原因在第一段：因?yàn)樗鼤?huì)影響聯(lián)邦稅收。如果你看不懂，再加上第二段說2015年花了一半多的預(yù)算，就和B選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)了。
37.Moritz calls for the use of “a magnifying glass” to ____.
[A] raise more funds for fire-prone areas
[B] avoid the redirection of federal money
[C] find wildfire-free parts of the landscape
[D] guarantee safer spending of public funds
解析:[D] guarantee safer spending of public funds。M倡導(dǎo)使用放大鏡去保證安全地使用公共資金。
通過題干中的magnifyingglass 可以定位在第四段的中間：我們需要使用magnifying glass 去做這個(gè)。根據(jù)that指代上文的原則，我們往上看到第一句話：從公共支出的前景看，對(duì)于整個(gè)國家，這已經(jīng)是非常大的問題。這里的意思就是支出比較多，而magnifying glass自然就是控制支出的，選項(xiàng)里的spending和文章中的expenditure是同義轉(zhuǎn)換的。
38.While admitting that climate is a key element， Moritz notes that ____.
[A] public debates have not settled yet
[B] fire-fighting conditions are improving
[C] other factors should not be overlooked
[D] a shift in the view of fire has taken place
解析：[C] other factors should not be overlooked。當(dāng)承認(rèn)氣候是一個(gè)關(guān)鍵因素，M認(rèn)為其他因素也不能被忽略。通過climate、M這個(gè)人名和出題順序和行文順序一致的原則，我們可以定位在第七段：當(dāng)氣候是關(guān)鍵因素時(shí)，完全對(duì)應(yīng)了題干。M說不能在損壞剩下同等重要的為前提。言外之意就是不能忽略其他因素，這里有個(gè)短語at the expense of表示“在損害某事物的情況下”
39.The overly simplified view Moritz mentions is a result of failing to ___.
[A] discover the fundamental makeup of nature
[B] explore the mechanism of the human systems
[C] maximize the role of landscape in human life
[D] understand the interrelations of man and nature
解析：[D] understand the interrelations of man and nature。M提到的過度簡化的觀點(diǎn)其實(shí)是沒有理解人和自然間的關(guān)系。通過oversimplified我們可以定位在倒數(shù)第三段的中間。他認(rèn)為，沒有注意到那一點(diǎn)，會(huì)導(dǎo)致一個(gè)過度簡化的解決方案。同樣也是考的指代，that指代，第一句的：人類和我們所居住的自然是相聯(lián)系的。所以原文來了個(gè)同義轉(zhuǎn)換。
40.Professor Balch points out that fire is something man should ____.
[A] do away with
[B] come to terms with
[C] pay a price for
[D] keep away from
解析：[B] come to terms with。B教授指出火和人應(yīng)該和諧相處。通過B教授我們可以定位在倒數(shù)第二段，but后是重點(diǎn)：但是，承認(rèn)火是不可避免地出現(xiàn)在人類的生活中是一種態(tài)度，這種態(tài)度對(duì)法律、政策和實(shí)踐的發(fā)展都非常關(guān)鍵，且可以盡可能地使火變得安全。所以A do way with 廢除、C付出代價(jià)、D遠(yuǎn)離都不符合題意，只有come to term表示與…達(dá)成協(xié)議、妥協(xié)、讓步的意思才是正確的同義轉(zhuǎn)換。
Part B
Directions:
Read the following text and match each of the numbered items in the left column to its corresponding information in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
The decline in American manufacturing is a common refrain, particularly from Donald Trump. "We don't make anything anymore," he told Fox News, while defending his own made-in-Mexico clothing line.
Without question, manufacturing has taken a significant hit during recent decades, and further trade deals raise questions about whether new shocks could hit manufacturing.
But there is also a different way to look at the data.
Across the country, factory owners are now grappling with a new challenge: instead of having too many workers, they may end up with too few. Despite trade competition and outsourcing, American manufacturing still needs to replace tens of thousands of retiring boomers every years. Millennials may not be that interested in taking their place, other industries are recruiting them with similar or better pay.
For factory owners, it all adds up to stiff competition for workers—and upward pressure on wages. "They're harder to find and they have job offers," says Jay Dunwell, president of Wolverine Coil Spring, a family-owned firm, "They may be coming [into the workforce], but they've been plucked by other industries that are also doing an well as manufacturing," Mr. Dunwell has begun bringing high school juniors to the factory so they can get exposed to its culture.
At RoMan Manufacturing, a maker of electrical transformers and welding equipment that his father cofounded in 1980, Robert Roth keep a close eye on the age of his nearly 200 workers, five are retiring this year. Mr. Roth has three community-college students enrolled in a work-placement program, with a starting wage of $13 an hour that rises to $17 after two years.
At a worktable inside the transformer plant, young Jason Stenquist looks flustered by the copper coils he's trying to assemble and the arrival of two visitors. It's his first week on the job. Asked about his choice of career, he says at high school he considered medical school before switching to electrical engineering. "I love working with tools. I love creating." he says.
But to win over these young workers, manufacturers have to clear another major hurdle: parents, who lived through the worst US economic downturn since the Great Depression, telling them to avoid the factory. Millennials "remember their father and mother both were laid off. They blame it on the manufacturing recession," says Birgit Klohs, chief executive of The Right Place, a business development agency for western Michigan.
These concerns aren't misplaced: Employment in manufacturing has fallen from 17 million in 1970 to 12 million in 2013. When the recovery began, worker shortages first appeared in the high-skilled trades. Now shortages are appearing at the mid-skill levels.
"The gap is between the jobs that take to skills and those that require a lot of skill," says Rob Spohr, a business professor at Montcalm Community College. "There're enough people to fill the jobs at McDonalds and other places where you don't need to have much skill. It's that gap in between, and that's where the problem is. "
Julie Parks of Grand Rapids Community points to another key to luring Millennials into manufacturing: a work/life balance. While their parents were content to work long hours, young people value flexibility. "Overtime is not attractive to this generation. They really want to live their lives," she says.
41.Jay Deuwell
42. Jason Stenquist
43. Birgit Klohs
44. Rob Spohr
45.Julie Parks
[A] says that he switched to electrical engineering because he loves working with tools.
[B] points out that there are enough people to fill the jobs that don't need much skill.
[C] points out that the US doesn't manufacture anything anymore.
[D] believes that it is important to keep a close eye on the age of his workers.
[E] says that for factory owners, workers are harder to find because of stiff competition.
[F] points out that a work/life balance can attract young people into manufacturing.
[G] says that the manufacturing recession is to blame for the lay-off the young people's parents.
參考答案：
EAGBF
41. 41.E�！窘馄怼扛鶕�(jù)Jay Deuwell定位至第五段第三行，該段第二行為其直接引語“They’re harder?to?find?and?they?have?job?offers”，把?they?還原為五段句苢?factory?owners。五段前兩句 話中細(xì)書信息factory?owners、stiff?competition、harder?to?find均與E選項(xiàng)中大量信息構(gòu)成替換，故選E。
42.A�！窘馄怼扛鶕�(jù)Jason?Stenquist定位至第七段首句，在該段后兩句，提到he?considered medical?school?before?switching?to?electronical?engineering?以及?I?love?working?with?tools?均能和A選項(xiàng)中表達(dá)相符，故選A。
43.?G。【解祈】根據(jù)Birgit Klohs定位至第八段第五行，人名前—句提到they blame it on the manufacturing?recession,代詞承前指代，上一句提到了?their?father?and?mother?both?were?laid off,這兩句和G選項(xiàng)中信息能夠成完全的同意替換，故選G。
44.B�！窘馄怼扛鶕�(jù)Rob Spohr定位至第十段第二行，該段第三行提到there are?enough?people to?fill?the?jobs?at?McDonalds?and?other?places?'vhere?you?don’t?need?to?have?much?skill,該句能跟B選項(xiàng)完全地同意替換，故選B。
45.F�！窘馄怼扛鶕�(jù)MieParks，定位至第末端首行，在第二行提到luring…into?manufacturing: a?work?life?balance，lure和attract構(gòu)成同意替換，該句和F選項(xiàng)意思相同，故選F。
Section III Translation
46.Directions:
Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)
My dream has always been to work somewhere in an area between fashion and publishing. Two years before graduating from secondary school, I took a sewing and design course thinking that I would move on to a fashion design course. However, during that course I realized I was not good enough in this area to compete with other creative personalities in the future, so I decided that it was not the right path for me. Before applying for university I told everyone that I would study journalism, because writing was, and still is, one of my favourite activities. But, to be honest, I said it , because I thought that fashion and me together was just a dream—I knew that no one could imagine me in the fashion industry at all! So I decided to look for some fashion-related courses that included writing. This is when I noticed the course "Fashion Media & Promotion."
My dream has always been to work somewhere in an area between fashion and publishing.
我的夢(mèng)想一直是在時(shí)尚界或者出版界找份工作。
分析：簡單句型，直接翻譯即可。
Two years before graduating from secondary school, I took a sewing and design course thinking that I would move on to a fashion design course.
中學(xué)畢業(yè)之前的兩年，我學(xué)習(xí)了一門縫紉和設(shè)計(jì)的課程，想著我可以繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)尚設(shè)計(jì)的課程。
分析：thinking that 伴隨狀語。Move on 繼續(xù)。整體句子比較簡單。
However, during that course I realized that I was not good enough in this area to compete with other creative personalities in the future, so I decided that it was not the right path for me.
然而這門課程讓我意識(shí)到，將來在這個(gè)領(lǐng)域我并沒有足夠優(yōu)秀去和其他創(chuàng)新人才競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。因此我認(rèn)為這條路并不適合我。
分析：during that course 是時(shí)間狀語，I 是主語，realized是謂語動(dòng)詞，that引導(dǎo)賓語從句，其中personalities不能理解為個(gè)性，品格，在文中應(yīng)該指精英，人才，so引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語從句中也是主語，謂語加賓語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)。
Before applying for university I told everyone that I would study journalism, because writing was, and still is, one of my favorite activities.
申請(qǐng)大學(xué)之前，我告訴所有人我會(huì)學(xué)新聞，因?yàn)閷懽髟?jīng)是我的最愛之一，現(xiàn)在也是。
分析：Before 引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語，that引導(dǎo)賓語從句，because引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句，本句要注意writing was, and still is, one of my favorite activities這一部分中was 和is的翻譯方法，表示過去和將來的狀態(tài)，過去是，現(xiàn)在也是。
But, to be absolutely honest, I said it, because I thought that fashion and me together was just a dream - I knew that no one, apart from myself, could imagine me in the fashion industry at all!
但是說實(shí)話，我這么說是因?yàn)槲矣X得從事設(shè)計(jì)對(duì)我來說只是一個(gè)夢(mèng)想。我知道除了我自己，壓根沒人能想象到我會(huì)干這一行。
分析：主句是主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)I said it，because引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句，從句中是I thought that主謂加賓從結(jié)構(gòu)。注意小句的關(guān)系。全句意為：但是說實(shí)話，我這么說是因?yàn)槲矣X得從事設(shè)計(jì)對(duì)我來說只是一個(gè)夢(mèng)想。我知道除了我自己，壓根沒人能想象到我會(huì)干這一行。
So I decided to look for some fashion-related courses that included writing. This is when I noticed the course "Fashion Media & Promotion."
因此我決定找一些與時(shí)尚有關(guān)又包含寫作的課程，就在這時(shí)，我注意到了“時(shí)尚媒體與推廣”的課程。
Section III
Part A
47.Directions:
Suppose you are invited by Professor Williams to give a presentation about Chinese culture to a group of international students.Write a reply to
1)Accept the invitation ,and
2)Introduce the key points of your presentation.
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name.Use “Li Ming” instead.
Do not write your address.(10 points).
參考例文：
Dear Professor，
It’s really my great honor to receive your invitation for the Chinese culture presentation. I am very happy to accept it and show sincere thanks for your invitation.
As for the content of the presentation, to begin with, I would like to introduce tasty Chinese food which must be attractive to the students. Moreover, traditional Chinese arts like opera and calligraphy will be the second part for they are the elements which mostly represent the essence of Chinese culture. Finally, the presentation will show the typical Chinese architectures which includes The Palace Museum and Beijing Siheyuan.
I am sure the students will enjoy the presentation and learn more about Chinese culture. Thanks for your invitation again.
Yours Sincerely
Ling Ming
Part B
Write an essay based on the following chart.In your writing,you should
1)interpret the chart,and
2)Give your comments.
You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET.(15points)
參考例文
The above chart demonstrates clearly that changes have taken place in the amount of museums and visitors. From the figures, there is no doubt that the number of visitors witnessed an increase from 6378 in the year of 2013 to 7811 in 2015.In the meantime, the figure of museums has a subtle rise in the two years from 4165 to 4697 which is not in the same step with the increase of visitors.
The rise of amount of museums and visitors indicates that there is a significant improvement of people’s living standards. They tend to care more about entertainment and traveling which represent higher life quality. What accounts for this trend? From my own view, this situation is caused mainly by two factors. At the beginning, with the development of economy, an increasing number of people are getting better paid as well as the social welfare. People begin to spend more money and energy on entertainment which leads to the increase of visitors. Furthermore, the government pays more attention to the life quality of people and then support the construction of museums. In this way, it is not weird to see the rise of museums.
Taking into account what has been discussed so far, we could draw a sound conclusion that the increase of museums and visitors will keep going to fulfill people’s demand on life quality. It will also promote the development of the nation’s culture.
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